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The term bond has in the past been the generic term for fixed interest stocks with security (the borrower is 'bound' to repay capital). Gilts are therefore bonds. However, in

According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product

recent times the term 'bond' has also been used in the name of some equity based investments, for example investment bonds issued by insurance companies.

Local and foreign

; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.

Examples of combination products may in

government bonds

It is possible to invest in these and they work like gilts. The only difference is that the risk of non payment is greater, so the yield is higher.

lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.

Guaranteed income and growth bonds

These guarantee a relatively high return over a period, such as five years, with a full return of capital. They are more attractive dur

here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe

ing a period of falling interest rates, as the level of interest reflects the going rate at the time of Purchase. Income payments are made free of basic tax. They are not sui

d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.

Combination pro

table for non taxpayers as tax deducted cannot be recovered.

With income bonds the interest is paid out periodically whereas with growth bonds it is retained till the end of

ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc

the investment period. Otherwise, they are identical.

High income bonds

Here a high fixed rate of interest is paid for a period, usually around five years. The probl

easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi

em with them is that the capital value can be eroded. Usually there is a condition that, if a selected stock market index falls over the investment period by specified amounts

nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically

, then the capital invested will be reduced by an appropriate percentage.

The lesson here is to read the small print.

Corporate bonds

These are company fixed interes

and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ

t investments. They operate like gilts as the interest rate is fixed and so the market price varies. Interest is taxable but capital gains are tax free.

Debentures and loa

ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi

stock

Debentures are company fixed interest stocks which are secured on the company's assets. The term loan stock is used to describe unsecured company fixed interest st

ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.

Following aspects would a

ocks. Both have redemption dates when the loan will be paid back at a stated price.

Like gilts, the rate of interest is fixed and the market price will vary. Interest on loan

dd to the challenges in developing combination products:

Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod

s is payable whether or not there are any profits and takes preference over dividends. Interest rates are usually quoted gross.

Also like gilts, capital gains are tax free.

cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin

Preference shares

These are shares in a company rather than loans to it and usually do not have a redemption date. A fixed dividend is payable out of profits, usually

tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen

before any dividend on ordinary shares (hence the preference). The market price will vary in accordance with the current rate of interest. Dividend rates are usually quoted ne

t?

As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel

t of tax.

Other corporate bonds

Zero coupon bonds are sometimes available. Interest is not paid out but is 'rolled up' till redemption or sale and is then subject to

ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.

Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust

capital gains rather than income tax.

‘Bulldog' bonds are those issued by foreign companies on the sterling market. They give higher yields because of the greater risk.

Eur

y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products

osterling bonds are issued by companies in the EU (other than UK companies). They are usually bearer bonds, which means they are like currency notes so you need to keep them s

.

As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de

afe!

Corporate bond funds

Unit trusts and investment trusts are mostly equity investments. However, there are also corporate bond funds which invest in a number of in

elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.

Companies that provide selfless information through particip

dividual company bonds, thus spreading the risk.

High yield corporate bond funds invest in more risky corporate bonds, which have a higher yield but more risk of capital loss

tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products

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